Thirteenth_century

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	12th century · 13th century · 14th century
Decades:	1200s 1210s 1220s 1230s 1240s 1250s 1260s 1270s 1280s 1290s
Categories:	Births – Deaths Establishments – Disestablishments

As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 through 1300 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. . In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages, and after its conquests in Asia the Mongol Empire stretched from Korea to Eastern Europe.

Contents 1 Events 2 Significant people 3 Inventions, discoveries, introductions 4 Decades and years 5 External links

Events

Map of Eurasia circa 1200 C.E.

The Mongols, under the leadership of Genghis Khan, overran most of Asia, thus creating the second largest empire to ever exist, surpassed only by the British Empire. They achieved this success in large part due to their amazing horse archers.

• 1204 — Fourth Crusade sacks Byzantine Constantinople and creates the Latin Empire.
• 1205 — Battle of Adrianople (1205): Tsar Kaloyan with his army crushed the (otherwise unbeaten) Fourth Crusade\'s knights and the soldiers of Emperor Baldwin I of Constantinople who was attacking Bulgarian lands with the goal to conquer them.
• 1206 — Mongols united under Temüjin, who is proclaimed "one Khan".
• 1212 — The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in Iberia sees the beginning of a rapid Christian reconquest of the southern half of the Iberian peninsula, with the defeat of Moorish forces.
• 1215 — King John of England forced to sign Magna Carta at Runnymede.
• 1222 — Andrew II of Hungary signs the Golden Bull which affirms the privileges of Hungarian nobility.
• 1227 — Genghis Khan dies during the prolonged siege of the Western Xia Dynasty capital (located in northwestern China), while the Tangut Western Xia Dynasty falls soon after.
• 1234 — the Jin Dynasty of northeastern China is conquered by the forces of the Mongol ruler Ögedei Khan.
• 1238 — The Thai Kingdom of Sukhothai is established, with Theravada Buddhism as the state religion. Later in the century it vassalises significant parts of modern Thailand, Laos, Burma, and Malaysia.
• 1249 — End of the Portuguese Reconquista against the Moors, when King Afonso III of Portugal reconquers the Algarve.
• 1250-1275 — the Arab or Persian born Muslim Kuwabara (Chinese: Pu Shou-geng) was appointed by the Song Dynasty Chinese government as the Commissioner of Merchant Shipping for Quanzhou. He published a detailed monograph of the shipping industry and maritime economy of China\'s seaports during his tenure there.
• 1258 — Baghdad (Iraq), seat of the Muslim Abbasid dynasty, is besieged and burnt to the ground by the forces of the Mongol commander Hulagu Khan. The last Abbasid ruler Al-Musta\'sim is executed by means of trampling horses.
• 1259 — the Mongol ruler Möngke Khan is killed in battle by a Chinese cannon blast at Fishing Town, Chongqing, located in southwestern China.
• 1260 — the Mongols are defeated by the Egyptian Mamluks in the Battle of Ain Jalut.
• 1270 — Restoration of Solomonic dynasty in Ethiopia, deposing the Zagwe dynasty.

Portrait of the Chinese Zen Buddhist Wuzhun Shifan, painted in 1238 AD, Song Dynasty.

• 1279, the Battle of Yamen marks the fall of the Chinese Song Dynasty and the rise of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty led by Khublai Khan.
• 1282 — Aragon acquires Sicily, after the Sicilian Vespers.
• 1284 — Peterhouse, Cambridge founded by Hugo de Balsham, the Bishop of Ely.
• 1291 — The Swiss Confederation is formed by Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden.
• Bantu-speaking peoples arrive in modern Angola, partially displacing the original Khoisan inhabitants.
• Battle of Bouvines
• Persian historian Rashid al-Din records eleven Buddhist texts circulating in Arabic translation.
• James I of Aragon takes control of Balearic Islands and Valencia.
• Marco Polo and his family reach China.
• Norway cedes the Isle of Man to Scotland, following the signing of the Treaty of Perth.
• Ögedei Khan establishes a Mongolian dynasty in China. Some Mongol leaders convert from Tantric Buddhism to Islam.
• Teutonic Knights begin activity in Eastern Europe.
• Theravada overtakes Mahayana as the dominant form of Buddhism in Cambodia.
• A period of civil unrest, . Sturlungaöld, leads to Iceland becoming part of the Kingdom of Norway.

The Ha\'amonga \'a Maui trilithon, arguably the most famous monument in Tonga, was built in the early 13th century.

• End of Hohenstaufen dynasty at the Battle of Tagliacozzo. The Kingdom of Sicily goes to French Anjou house.
• Fall of the Ghana Empire.
• Fall of the Hohenstaufen dynasty of Holy Roman Emperors. Sicily and Naples are acquired by the French count Charles I of Naples.
• Fifth through eighth crusades of western European kingdoms against Islam.
• Finland gets its first city, Turku.
• First European universities founded.
• Most of Asia and Eastern Europe is conquered and incorporated into the Mongol Empire.
• The Medieval Warm Period ends.
• The Utiguri Bulgar state on the Volga vanishes from history.
• Samoa gains its independence from the Tu\'i Tonga Empire, and founds the Malietoa dynasty.

Significant people

Queen Tamara

• Queen Tamara, ruler of Gerogia
• Lasha Giorgi, King Giorgi IV of Gerogia
• Queen Rusudan, Queen Regnant of Gerogia
• Saint Thomas Aquinas

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

• List of 13th century inventions
• The motet form originates out of the Ars antiqua tradition of Western European music.
• Manuscript culture develops out of this time period in cities in Europe, which denotes a shift from monasteries to cities for books.
• Pecia system of copying books develops in Italian university-towns and was taken up by the University of Paris in the middle of the century.
• Wooden movable type printing invented by the Chinese governmental minister Wang Zhen (official) in 1298.
• The earliest known rockets, landmines, and handguns are made by the Chinese for use in warfare.
• The Chinese adopt the windmill from the Islamic world.

Decades and years

v • d • e Decades and Years

13th century 11th century←12th century← ↔ →14th century→15th century 1190s 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200s 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210s 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220s 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230s 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240s 1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 1250s 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260s 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270s 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280s 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287 1288 1289 1290s 1290 1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300s 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309

v • d • e Centuries and millennia
Millennium Century BC 4th 40th 39th 38th 37th 36th 35th 34th 33rd 32nd 31st 3rd 30th 29th 28th 27th 26th 25th 24th 23rd 22nd 21st 2nd 20th 19th 18th 17th 16th 15th 14th 13th 12th 11th 1st 10th 9th 8th 7th 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st AD 1st 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 2nd 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 3rd 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 4th 31st

External links

• The Thirteenth: Greatest of Centuries by James J. Walsh, 1907stq:13. Jierhunnert

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