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An arborist (or tree surgeon) is a professional in the practice of arboriculture, the management and maintenance of trees. Work may also include care of shrubs, vines, and other perennial woody plants. An arborist is distinct from a forester, or from a logger. Those professions may have much in common, but the scope of work is different. Arborists frequently focus on health and safety of individual trees, or wooded landscapes, rather than managing forests or harvesting wood.
To work near power wires either additional training is required for arborists or they need to be Certified Line Clearance trimmers or Utility Arborists (there may be different terminology for various countries). There\'s a variety of minimum distances that must be kept from power wires depending on voltage, however the common distance for low voltage lines in urban settings is 10\'. ( American National Standards Institute Z.133- and International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers)
Arborists who climb (as not all do) can use a variety of techniques to ascend into the tree. The least invasive, and most popular technique used is to ascend on rope. When personal safety is an issue, or the tree is being removed, arborists may use \'hooks\', (\'gaffs\', \'spurs\') attached to their boots with straps to ascend and work. Hooks wound the tree,leaving small holes where each step has been (Tree Care Industry Association -found at tcia.org).
An arborist\'s work may involve very large and complex trees, or ecological communities and their abiotic components in the context of the landscape ecosystem. These may require monitoring and treatment to ensure they are healthy, safe, and suitable to property owners or community standards. This work may include some or all of the following: planting; transplanting; pruning; structural support; preventing, or diagnosing and treating phytopathology or parasitism; preventing or interrupting grazing or predation; installing lightning protection; and removing vegetation deemed as hazardous, an invasive species, a disease vector, or a weed. Arborists may also plan, consult, write reports and give legal testimony. While some aspects of this work are done on the ground or in an office, much of it is done by arborists who climb the trees with ropes, harnesses and other equipment. Lifts and cranes may be used too. The work of all arborists is not the same. Some may just perform consulting; others may perform climbing, pruning and planting: a combination. Harris, Richard W., James R. Clark, and Nelda P. Matheny: Arboriculture Integrated Management of Landscape Trees, Shrubs, and Vines, third edition; Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1999.
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Arborists gain certification and qualifications in a variety of ways depending on location such as country. It is important you know what type of arborist you need as for instance not all climb nor do all write reports and consult.
In Australia education and training is stream lined country wide and referred to as AQF. Whether the training be taken from private or public colleges the concept is that it is uniform and to a standard. There are varying levels of qualification but it is generally assumed and warranted that one cannot refer to themselves as an arborist until they are at a minimum Level 3 which covers all the skill requirements both practical and theoretical pertaining to tree work and general tree management. Some of the subjects studied and competencies achieved at Level 3 would be, Fell Small trees, Operate and maintain chainsaws, Operate machinery and equipment, Provide information on plants and their culture, Co-ordinate worksite activities, Carry out workplace OHS procedures, Maintain and monitor environmental work practices, Undertake standard climbing technique, Fell large trees, Implement a tree maintenance program, Implement a tree pruning program, Remove trees in confined spaces, Perform specialist amenity pruning, Undertake complex tree climbing, Implement a tree protection program, Sample soils and analysis results, Undertake aerial rescue.
Level 5 is called a Diploma and Level 6 is an Advanced Diploma. Many times councils can enforce reports be written by minimum standard Level 5 qualified arborists or work be done by minimum level 3 arborists. Subjects studied become more concise and precise like, develop and manage a chemical use strategy, Provide specialist advice to clients, Prepare estimates, quotes and tenders Prepare reports, develop a strategy for the management of large pests, Manage plant health Monitor and manage soils, Negotiate and monitor contracts / commercial agreements, Plan, implement and review a quality assurance program, Assess trees, Manage staff, Establish and maintain the enterprise OHS program.
In USA a Certified Arborist (or \'CA\') is a professional who has over three years experience and has passed a rigorous written test (International Society of Arboriculture-isa-arbor.org). Certified Arborist Technicians, (or \'CAT\') is the designation given after a less rigorous exam, written or verbal, and a short climbing test. Other designations include Municipal Specialist, Utility Specialist, and the most difficult credential to achieve; the Board Certified Master Arborist (BCMA).
Trees may need pruning for health and good structure, for aesthetic reasons, and to permit people to walk under them. They might also require other care to improve their chances for survival, including treatments in response to damage from biotic or abiotic factors. Trees in urban landscape settings are often subject to human and natural disturbances above and below ground, and in need of solutions provided by arborists. Timing or methods depend on the species of tree and the purpose of the work, and a thorough knowledge of local species and environments is necessary to determine the best practices. Trees may also require pruning to keep them away from wires, fences and buildings.
There can be a vast difference between the techniques and practices of professional arborists and those (without adequate training) who simply "trim trees". Some practices of (uneducated) tree workers are considered unacceptable by modern arboriculture standards. One example of an "unacceptable practice is called "topping", "lopping" or "hatracking", when entire tops of trees or main stems are cut off, causing detrimental effects; generally done by cross-cutting the main stem or leaders, leaving big flat topped stubs.
Pruning should only be done with a specific purpose in mind. Every cut is a wound, and every leaf lost is removal of some photosynthetic potential. Proper pruning can be helpful in many ways, but should always be done with the minimum amount of live tissue removed.
In recent years, research has proven that wound dressings such as paint, tar or other coverings are unnecessary and may harm trees. The coverings may encourage growth of decay-causing fungi. Proper pruning, by cutting through branches at the right location, can do more to limit decay than wound dressing.
Chemicals can be applied to trees for insect or disease control through spraying, soil application, stem injections or spraying the trunk with an additive product called Pentrabark when necessary. Compacted or disturbed soils can be improved in various ways.
Arborists can also assess trees to determine the health, structure, safety or feasibility within a landscape and in proximity to humans. Modern arboriculture has progressed in technology and sophistication from practices of the past, and many current practices are based on knowledge gained through recent research, including the widely respected intensive work by the late Alex Shigo, considered as one "fathers" of modern arboriculture. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/11/15/HOG8KMBUQT1.DTL Alex Shigo pioneered tree-friendly pruning]] by Ron Sullivan; San Francisco Chronicle November 15, 2006.
Depending on the jurisdiction, there are a number of legal issues surrounding the practices of arborists and of urban tree management in general, including boundary issues, public safety issues, "heritage" trees of community value; and "neighbor" issues such as ownership, obstruction of views, impacts of roots crossing boundaries, nuisance problems, disease or insect quarantines, and safety of nearby trees.
Arborists are frequently consulted to establish the factual basis of disputes involving trees, or by private property owners seeking to avoid legal liability through the duty of care.Common Law Branches Off Into New Directions; by Victor D. Merullo; Journal of Arboriculture 20(6): November 1994. Arborists may be asked to assess the value of a tree[http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:g8c4j37-CZ4J:www.ianrpubs.unl.edu/epublic/live/g1533/build/g1533.pdf+tree+and+landscape+appraisal&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us Landscape Tree Appraisal ] by David P. Mooter, et. al.; University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension; March, 2004. in the process of an insurance claim for trees damaged or destroyed,Guide for Plant Appraisal, 9th ed; by the Council of Tree and Landscape Appraisers; International Society of Arboriculture; 2000. or to recover damages resulting from tree theft or vandalism.See also specific legal provisions for "tree theft" such as, for example, the Revised Code of Washington title 64.12.030 for Washington (State, USA) or similar state, provincial, or local statutes. In cities with tree preservation orders an arborist\'s evaluation of tree hazard may be required before a property owner may remove a tree, or to assure the protection of trees in development plans and during construction operations. Homeowners who have entered into contracts with a homeowner\'s association (see also Restrictive covenants) may need an arborist\'s professional opinion of a hazardous condition prior to removing a tree, or may be obligated to assure the protection of the views of neighboring properties prior to planting a tree or in the course of pruning.Arboriculture and the Law in Canada by Julian Dunster and Susan Murray; International Society of Arboriculture; 1997. Arborists may be consulted in forensic investigations where the evidence of a crime can be determined within the growth rings of a tree, for example. Arborists may be engaged by one member of a dispute in order to identify factual information about trees useful to that member of the dispute, or they can be engaged as an expert witness providing unbiased scientific knowledge in a court case. Homeowners associations seeking to write restrictive covenants, or legislative bodies seeking to write laws involving trees, may seek the counsel of arborists in order to avoid future difficulties.Arboriculture and the Law by Victor D. Merrullo; International Society of Arboriculture; 1992.
The study materials considered to be the reference canon for arborists seeking to advance from entry level to mastery of the trade in arboricultural services are the following:Board Certified Master Arborist Application Booklet; International Society of Arboriculture, 2007
Other significant study materials and references for arborists include:
Some noteworthy arborists include:
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